Ars Topica is the first full-length study of the nature and development of topoi, the conceptual ancestors of modern argument schemes, between Aristotle and Cicero. Aristotle and Cicero configured topoi in a way that influenced the subsequent tradition. Their work on the topos-system grew out of an interest in creating a theory of argumentation which could stand between the rigour of formal logic and the emotive potential of rhetoric. This system went through a series of developments and transformations resulting from the interplay between the separate aims of gaining rhetorical effectiveness and of maintaining dialectical standards. Ars Topica presents a comprehensive treatment of Aristotle’s and Cicero’s methods of topoi and, by exploring their relationship, it illuminates an area of ancient rhetoric and logic which has been obscured for more than two thousand years. Through an interpretation which is philologically rooted in the historical context of topoi, the book lays the ground for evaluating the relevance of the classical approaches to modern research on arguments, and at the same time provides an introduction to Greek and Roman theory of argumentation focussed on its...
Die Beitrage geben einen theoretisch anspruchsvollen und zugleich anschaulichen Uberblick ueber die Bedeutung der Topik in der aktuellen romanistischen Forschung. Im Gegensatz zum amaterialeno Toposbegriff, der im deutschsprachigen Raum vorherrscht, begreifen diese Beitrage die Topoi in ihrer aformaleno, d.h. argumentativen Funktion. Diese wird nicht nur in ihrer historischen und theoretischen Dimension erortert, sondern auch fuer die Analyse verschiedener Diskursformen fruchtbar gemacht. Inhalt: E. Eggs: Introduction u R.h Amossy: Des topoi aux stereotypes: le doxique entre logos et pathos u S. Bruxelles: Topoi lexicaux et analyse interactionnelle: une mise en perspective sur des donnees recueillies en situation institutionnelle u M. Dominicy: Les atopoio du genre epidictique: du modele au critere, et vice-versa u E. Eggs: Du refoulement des topoi dialectiques dans la logique et dans la rhetorique u C. Plantin: Les topoi comme discours pivots "Egg's volume proposes a complex but fascinating reflection on topoi, through an enlightening dialogue between the antique conception of topoi and their renewed modern definitions, the result being the refusal to construct new theoretical or ...
In Discourse and Power in a Multilingual World the discourse of politicians and policy-makers in Britain links languages other than English, and therefore speakers of these languages, with civil disorder and threats to democracy, citizenship and nationhood. These powerful arguments travel along 'chains of discourse' until they gain the legitimacy of the state, and are inscribed in law. The particular focus of this volume is on discourse linking 'race riots' in England in 2001 with the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, which extended legislation to test the English language proficiency of British citizenship applicants. Adrian Blackledge develops a theoretical and methodological framework which draws on critical discourse analysis to reveal the linguistic character of social and cultural processes and structures; on Bakhtin's notion of the dialogic nature of discourse to demonstrate how voices progressively gain authority; and on Bourdieu's model of symbolic domination to illuminate the way in which linguistic-minority speakers may be complicit in the misrecognition, or valorisation, of the dominant language.
This book combines media studies and linguistics with theories of national and supranational identity to offer an interdisciplinary approach to the study of European identity/ies and news discourses. Taking representations of ‘Islamist terrorism’ and Turkey’s accession to the European Union as case studies, it analyses the discursive construction of supranational European identity through the discursive distinction of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’. Moreover, it compares the media’s representations of the ‘Other’ in different socio-political moments in Europe- from times of European integration (2004-5) to the European dystopia (2015-16) through the discourse analysis of specific Greek, British and French newspapers. This timely work synthesizes classic argumentative approaches and Gramscian thought in the study of media discourses by focusing on the Aristotelian concept of topos and introducing the concept of ‘hegemonic knowledge’. This pioneering work will appeal to scholars across the fields of linguistics, social anthropology, European politics, and media studies.
This contributed volume collects papers related to the Logic in Question workshop, which has taken place annually at Sorbonne University in Paris since 2011. Each year, the workshop brings together historians, philosophers, mathematicians, linguists, and computer scientists to explore questions related to the nature of logic and how it has developed over the years. As a result, chapter authors provide a thorough, interdisciplinary exploration of topics that have been studied in the workshop. Organized into three sections, the first part of the book focuses on historical questions related to logic, the second explores philosophical questions, and the third section is dedicated to mathematical discussions. Specific topics include: • logic and analogy• Chinese logic• nineteenth century British logic (in particular Boole and Lewis Carroll)• logical diagrams • the place and value of logic in Louis Couturat’s philosophical thinking• contributions of logical analysis for mathematics education• the exceptionality of logic• the logical expressive power of natural languages• the unification of mathematics via topos theory Logic in Question will appeal to pure logicians,...
A spirited and engaging linguistic and social re-imagination of the role and nature of clichés in communication and interaction.
Con su incomparable ingenio, claridad e inteligencia, Richard Dawkins, uno de los biólogos evolutivos más famosos del mundo, ha iniciado a un sinfín de lectores en las maravillas de la ciencia mediante libros como El gen egoísta. Ahora, en El cuento del antepasado, Dawkins nos brinda una obra maestra: un emocionante viaje marcha atrás a lo largo de la evolución, desde los humanos actuales hasta los comienzos microbianos de la vida hace cuatro mil millones de años. A lo largo del viaje, el biólogo cuenta una serie de historias entretenidas y perspicaces que arrojan luz sobre temas como la diversificación en especies, la selección sexual y la extinción. El Cuento del antepasado es una lección imprescindible sobre teoría de la evolución y, al mismo tiempo, una lectura fascinante. "El cuento del antepasado logrará con toda seguridad embarcar al lector en la aventura y controversia de la ciencia." Bryce Christensen, BOOKLIST "Una de las mejores obras de Dawkins: un compendio enorme, casi enciclopédico, rebosante de información e ideas." KIRKUS REVIEWS "El más modesto y encantador de sus ocho libros." John Horgan, DISCOVER
Offers a theory of interpreting the meaning and experience of place, looks at how space can be expressive or ominous, and discusses a variety of places
The Logical Foundations of Mathematics offers a study of the foundations of mathematics, stressing comparisons between and critical analyses of the major non-constructive foundational systems. The position of constructivism within the spectrum of foundational philosophies is discussed, along with the exact relationship between topos theory and set theory. Comprised of eight chapters, this book begins with an introduction to first-order logic. In particular, two complete systems of axioms and rules for the first-order predicate calculus are given, one for efficiency in proving metatheorems, and the other, in a "natural deduction" style, for presenting detailed formal proofs. A somewhat novel feature of this framework is a full semantic and syntactic treatment of variable-binding term operators as primitive symbols of logic. Subsequent chapters focus on the origin of modern foundational studies; Gottlob Frege's formal system intended to serve as a foundation for mathematics and its paradoxes; the theory of types; and the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. David Hilbert's program and Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems are also examined, along with the foundational systems of W. V. Quine ...
The purpose of this book is to give background for those who would like to delve into some higher category theory. It is not a primer on higher category theory itself. It begins with a paper by John Baez and Michael Shulman which explores informally, by analogy and direct connection, how cohomology and other tools of algebraic topology are seen through the eyes of n-category theory. The idea is to give some of the motivations behind this subject. There are then two survey articles, by Julie Bergner and Simona Paoli, about (infinity,1) categories and about the algebraic modelling of homotopy n-types. These are areas that are particularly well understood, and where a fully integrated theory exists. The main focus of the book is on the richness to be found in the theory of bicategories, which gives the essential starting point towards the understanding of higher categorical structures. An article by Stephen Lack gives a thorough, but informal, guide to this theory. A paper by Larry Breen on the theory of gerbes shows how such categorical structures appear in differential geometry. This book is dedicated to Max Kelly, the founder of the Australian school of category theory, and an...
In Enthymemes and Topoi in Dialogue, Ellen Breitholtz presents a novel and precise account of reasoning from an interactional perspective. The account draws on the concepts of enthymemes and topoi, originating in Aristotelian rhetoric and dialectic, and integrates these in a formal dialogue semantic account using TTR, a type theory with records. Argumentation analysis and formal approaches to reasoning often focus the logical validity of arguments on inferences made in discourse from a god’s-eye perspective. In contrast, Breitholtz’s account emphasises the individual perspectives of interlocutors and the function and acceptability of their reasoning in context. This provides an analysis of interactions where interlocutors have access to different topoi and therefore make different inferences.
This book navigates the neglected territory where far-right populism intersects with climate change, presenting a nuanced examination that transcends traditional research boundaries. In recent decades, Europe has grappled with the surge of far-right and populist movements, fueling robust academic debates. Simultaneously, the global discourse on climate change has become increasingly pervasive in societal and political spheres. This book provides a comprehensive exploration of how populist far-right parties discuss climate change within their national contexts, focusing on Germany, Spain, and Austria. Using a meticulous methodology rooted in critical discourse studies, Mirjam Gruber examines the perspectives on climate change held by mainstream parties thereby defining the national policy field. Gruber then delves into the discourse about climate change of populist far-right parties, revealing a complex web of obstructionist arguments intricately tied to the national policy context. By analyzing a diverse array of documents spanning five years, including social media posts, press releases, parliamentary debates, and policy documents, Gruber uncovers a stark contrast between the...
This volume examines the construction of Turkey's possible European Union accession in French political discourse. In today's France, heated debates regarding Turkey's EU membership are turning into an essential part of European identity formation. Once again, the 'Turkish Other' functions as a mirror for defining not only the 'European Self', but also European values. By providing a genuine and multi-disciplinary approach for studying the Otherness attributed to Turkey, this book contributes to our understanding of the Self/Other nexus in International Relations. Within a Critical Discourse Analysis framework, this study explores the socio-historical basis of the construction of Turkey's Otherness in an attempt to identify the processes through which past memories, representations, images and fantasies regarding Turkey are inserted into the French social imaginary. Focusing on these significations, which are (re)produced and become manifest through language, this book strives to uncover the link between discourse and political action.
The purpose of this unique handbook is to examine the transformation of the philosophy of mathematics from its origins in the history of mathematical practice to the present. It aims to synthesize what is known and what has unfolded so far, as well as to explore directions in which the study of the philosophy of mathematics, as evident in increasingly diverse mathematical practices, is headed. Each section offers insights into the origins, debates, methodologies, and newer perspectives that characterize the discipline today. Contributions are written by scholars from mathematics, history, and philosophy – as well as other disciplines that have contributed to the richness of perspectives abundant in the study of philosophy today – who describe various mathematical practices throughout different time periods and contrast them with the development of philosophy. Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Aberdein, Florida Institute ofTechnology, USA Jody Azzouni, Tufts University, USA Otávio Bueno, University of Miami, USA William Byers, Concordia University, Canada Carlo Cellucci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Chandler Davis, University of Toronto, Canada (1926-2022) Paul Ernest,...
Winner of the Austrian Book Prize for the 2016 German translation, in the category of Humanities and Social Sciences. Populist right-wing politics is moving centre-stage, with some parties reaching the very top of the electoral ladder: but do we know why, and why now? In this book Ruth Wodak traces the trajectories of such parties from the margins of the political landscape to its centre, to understand and explain how they are transforming from fringe voices to persuasive political actors who set the agenda and frame media debates. Laying bare the normalization of nationalistic, xenophobic, racist and antisemitic rhetoric, she builds a new framework for this ‘politics of fear’ that is entrenching new social divides of nation, gender and body. The result reveals the micro-politics of right-wing populism: how discourses, genres, images and texts are performed and manipulated in both formal and also everyday contexts with profound consequences. This book is a must-read for scholars and students of linguistics, media and politics wishing to understand these dynamics that are re-shaping our political space.
This edited collection casts light on central issues within contemporary philosophy of mathematics such as the realism/anti-realism dispute; the relationship between logic and metaphysics; and the question of whether mathematics is a science of objects or structures. The discussions offered in the papers involve an in-depth investigation of, among other things, the notions of mathematical truth, proof, and grounding; and, often, a special emphasis is placed on considerations relating to mathematical practice. A distinguishing feature of the book is the multicultural nature of the community that has produced it. Philosophers, logicians, and mathematicians have all contributed high-quality articles which will prove valuable to researchers and students alike.
After the development of manifolds and algebraic varieties in the previous century, mathematicians and physicists have continued to advance concepts of space. This book and its companion explore various new notions of space, including both formal and conceptual points of view, as presented by leading experts at the New Spaces in Mathematics and Physics workshop held at the Institut Henri Poincaré in 2015. The chapters in this volume cover a broad range of topics in mathematics, including diffeologies, synthetic differential geometry, microlocal analysis, topos theory, infinity-groupoids, homotopy type theory, category-theoretic methods in geometry, stacks, derived geometry, and noncommutative geometry. It is addressed primarily to mathematicians and mathematical physicists, but also to historians and philosophers of these disciplines.
Ce livre contient une démonstration détaillée et complète de l'existence d'un isomorphisme équivariant entre les tours p-adiques de Lubin-Tate et de Drinfeld. Le résultat est établi en égales et inégales caractéristiques. Il y est également donné comme application une démonstration du fait que les cohomologies équivariantes de ces deux tours sont isomorphes, un résultat qui a des applications à l'étude de la correspondance de Langlands locale. Au cours de la preuve des rappels et des compléments sont donnés sur la structure des deux espaces de modules précédents, les groupes formels p-divisibles et la géométrie analytique rigide p-adique. This book gives a complete and thorough proof of the existence of an equivariant isomorphism between Lubin-Tate and Drinfeld towers in infinite level. The result is established in equal and inequal characteristics. Moreover, the book contains as an application the proof of the equality between the equivariant cohomology of both towers, a result that has applications to the local Langlands correspondence. Along the proof background and complements are given on the structure of both moduli spaces, p-divisible formal groups...
This ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF MATHEMATICS aims to be a reference work for all parts of mathe matics. It is a translation with updates and editorial comments of the Soviet Mathematical Encyclopaedia published by 'Soviet Encyclopaedia Publishing House' in five volumes in 1977-1985. The annotated translation consists of ten volumes including a special index volume. There are three kinds of articles in this ENCYCLOPAEDIA. First of all there are survey-type articles dealing with the various main directions in mathematics (where a rather fme subdivi sion has been used). The main requirement for these articles has been that they should give a reasonably complete up-to-date account of the current state of affairs in these areas and that they should be maximally accessible. On the whole, these articles should be understandable to mathematics students in their first specialization years, to graduates from other mathematical areas and, depending on the specific subject, to specialists in other domains of science, en gineers and teachers of mathematics. These articles treat their material at a fairly general level and aim to give an idea of the kind of problems, techniques and concepts involved in...
Aristotle's Topics is a handbook for dialectic, which can be understood as a philosophical debate between a questioner and a respondent. In book 2, Aristotle mainly develops strategies for making deductions about 'accidents', which are properties that might or might not belong to a subject (for instance, Socrates has five fingers, but might have had six), and about properties that simply belong to a subject without further specification. In the present commentary, here translated into English for the first time, Alexander develops a careful study of Aristotle's text. He preserves objections and replies from other philosophers whose work is now lost, such as the Stoics. He also offers an invaluable picture of the tradition of Aristotelian logic down to his time, including innovative attempts to unify Aristotle's guidance for dialectic with his general theory of deductive argument (the syllogism), found in the Analytics. The work will be of interest not only for its perspective on ancient logic, rhetoric, and debate, but also for its continuing influence on argument in the Middle Ages and later.
Quelle définition donner au « topos » ? Au confluent de quelles traditions théoriques et critiques apparaît cette notion ? Quelle peut être sa pertinence comme noyau d'interprétation et de lecture sérielle du roman français, du Moyen-Âge jusqu'à la fin de l'Ancien Régime ? Depuis 1987, la Société d'Analyse de la Topique Romanesque (SATOR) s'efforce de constituer un thésaurus des topoi dans les romans de langue française avant 1800. Dix ans après sa fondation, elle a souhaité dresser un bilan de son activité, prendre la mesure du terrain qu'elle a défriché et de sa contribution à la compréhension des procédés de l'invention romanesque. C'est l'objet de la trentaine de textes réunis dans ce volume par Nathalie Ferrand et Michèle Weil, à la suite du XIe colloque de la SATOR, qui s'est tenu en 1997 à l'Université Paul-Valéry de Montpellier.
This work provides some interesting new results on the notion of the topos and the theory of hypothetical syllogisms in Aristotle based on an incisive interpretation of Aristotle's "Topics" and certain passages of the "Analytics."
En 1591, el rey Felipe II requirió la contribución de sus súbditos en las Indias para la creación de una armada que se encargara de defender los navíos españoles de los ataques de corsarios y enemigos del Imperio español. También advirtió el desorden y el exceso habidos en la distribución de tierras en los virreinatos indianos. Para recaudar recursos y poder fundar la armada, el rey demandó de los poseedores de tierras la exhibición de sus títulos y, en caso de no contar con ellos o de presentar anomalías, les exigió pagar por el derecho a su regularización. Desde entonces, la metrópoli puso en marcha un programa dirigido a sus territorios en ultramar a fin de regularizar la posesión del suelo productivo. El monarca deseaba que, al igual que sus flotas, su política agraria llegara a todos los rincones del Imperio. Esta obra abarca tres siglos de historia de la propiedad en distintas provincias de América y de Filipinas que estuvieron bajo dominio del Imperio español y de la Monarquía portuguesa
This second volume of a collection of papers offers new perspectives and challenges in the study of logic. It is presented in honor of the fiftieth birthday of Jean-Yves Béziau. The papers touch upon a wide range of topics including paraconsistent logic, quantum logic, geometry of oppositions, categorical logic, computational logic, fundamental logic notions (identity, rule, quantification) and history of logic (Leibniz, Peirce, Hilbert). The volume gathers personal recollections about Jean-Yves Béziau and an autobiography, followed by 25 papers written by internationally distinguished logicians, mathematicians, computer scientists, linguists and philosophers, including Irving Anellis, Dov Gabbay, Ivor Grattan-Guinness, Istvan Németi, Henri Prade. These essays will be of interest to all students and researchers interested in the nature and future of logic.
This book makes a systematic study of the relations between the étale cohomology of a scheme and the orderings of its residue fields. A major result is that in high degrees, étale cohomology is cohomology of the real spectrum. It also contains new contributions in group cohomology and in topos theory. It is of interest to graduate students and researchers who work in algebraic geometry (not only real) and have some familiarity with the basics of étale cohomology and Grothendieck sites. Independently, it is of interest to people working in the cohomology theory of groups or in topos theory.
This is a second edition of the ground- breaking volume Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, which was the first published collection of chapters presenting critical discourse analysis theory and practice. Critical discursive approaches have now become the main trend in most discursive and semiotic investigations. It was then, and is especially now, predominantly concerned with identifying, demystifying and resisting the ways language and semiotic systems are used to reflect, create and sustain inequalities in specific contexts. This new collection presents contributions by all six of the living authors who were central to the first edition: Norman Fairclough, Theo van Leeuwen, Teun van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, Carmen Caldas-Coulthard and Malcolm Coulthard – plus an edited version of a jointly authored classic chapter originally authored by Roger Fowler and Gunther Kress. There are four new chapters written by the other leading members of the foundational 1990s European Critical Discourse Analysis group: Phil Graham, Jay Lemke, David Machin and Louisa Rojo and two by young critical discourse researchers who have risen to prominence more recently: Rodrigo Borba...
The canvas element is part of HTML5 and allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes and bitmap images. It is a low level, procedural model that updates a bitmap. HTML5 Canvas also helps in making 2D games
This monograph presents a new, systematic treatment of the relation between classifying topoi and classifying spaces of topological categories. Using a new generalized geometric realization which applies to topoi, a weak homotopy equival- ence is constructed between the classifying space and the classifying topos of any small (topological) category. Topos theory is then applied to give an answer to the question of what structures are classified by "classifying" spaces. The monograph should be accessible to anyone with basic knowledge of algebraic topology, sheaf theory, and a little topos theory.
Often people have wondered why there is no introductory text on category theory aimed at philosophers working in related areas. The answer is simple: what makes categories interesting and significant is their specific use for specific purposes. These uses and purposes, however, vary over many areas, both "pure", e.g., mathematical, foundational and logical, and "applied", e.g., applied to physics, biology and the nature and structure of mathematical models. Borrowing from the title of Saunders Mac Lane's seminal work "Categories for the Working Mathematician", this book aims to bring the concepts of category theory to philosophers working in areas ranging from mathematics to proof theory to computer science to ontology, from to physics to biology to cognition, from mathematical modeling to the structure of scientific theories to the structure of the world. Moreover, it aims to do this in a way that is accessible to non-specialists. Each chapter is written by either a category-theorist or a philosopher working in one of the represented areas, and in a way that builds on the concepts that are already familiar to philosophers working in these areas.
Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.