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Electoral Systems

Autor: Elisabeth Carter , David M. Farrell , Gemma Loomes

Número de Páginas: 222

How do different electoral systems work to translate votes into seats? What effects do they have on the political system, on political actors, and on voters? Does the choice of electoral system always involve a trade-off between strong and stable government and representation? And do electoral systems matter as much as we might think? This fully revised and expanded third edition examines the principal types of electoral systems used in over 75 of the world's democracies. It explores why countries choose the electoral systems they do and explains how the different systems function; it investigates the consequences of electoral systems, including on the party system and on government formation and stability, on representation and the quality of democracy, and on parties, politicians, and voters. Clearly structured, wide-ranging in focus, and incorporating an array of visual material – including authentic ballot papers, tables and figures – this in-depth study remains the go-to text for students and researchers seeking to understand electoral systems around the world.

Hearings

Autor: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee On Interior And Insular Affairs

Número de Páginas: 1546

Ventures

Número de Páginas: 1096

Democracies in Development

Autor: J. Mark Payne

Número de Páginas: 350

The accompanying CD-ROM features country-by-country election results for presidential and legislative elections."--BOOK JACKET.

Presidents versus Federalism in the National Legislative Process

Autor: Hirokazu Kikuchi

Número de Páginas: 309

This book rethinks gubernatorial effects on national politics using the case of the Argentine Senate. Simultaneously analyzing senatorial behavior in committees and on the floor, Kikuchi argues that senators strategically change their actions according to stages in the legislative process, and that longstanding governors may influence national politics, causing their senators to shelve unwanted presidential bills at the committee stage. He explains senatorial behavior focusing on varieties in the combinations of principals, whose preferences senators must take into account, and shows that legislators under the same electoral system do not necessarily behave in the same way. He also demonstrates that this argument can be applied to cases from other federal countries, such as Brazil and Mexico. Based on rich qualitative evidence and quantitative data, the book offers a theoretical framework for understanding how some governors may influence national politics.

Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries

Autor: Levent Gönenç

Número de Páginas: 458

The last decade of the 20th century saw radical changes in Eastern Europe and the former USSR. Most of these countries made a transition from totalitarianism or authoritarianism to democracy and from central planning to a market economy. Adding to the latter, a number of national entities gained their independence after the disintegration of the federative states of the USSR, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Many recent studies have focused on these double, in some cases triple transitions, and scholars from different fields analyzed the so-called "1989 Revolution" from different perspectives. Rather less scholarly attention has been paid to the future of post-communist constitutions and prospects for constitutionalism in these countries. The main questions dealt with throughout this study can be formulated as follows: Will liberal democratic constitutionalism take root in these countries? Will new constitutions in Eastern Europe and the former USSR perish or survive? This study also aims at contributing to the construction of a general constitutional theory by studying the causes and dynamics of constitutional change in general. Such constitutional change is not only on the East...

Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics

Autor: Peter Kingstone , Deborah J. Yashar

Número de Páginas: 624

Latin America has been one of the critical areas in the study of comparative politics. The region’s experiments with installing and deepening democracy and promoting alternative modes of economic development have generated intriguing and enduring empirical puzzles. In turn, Latin America’s challenges continue to spawn original and vital work on central questions in comparative politics: about the origins of democracy; about the relationship between state and society; about the nature of citizenship; about the balance between state and market. The richness and diversity of the study of Latin American politics makes it hard to stay abreast of the developments in the many sub-literatures of the field. The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics offers an intellectually rigorous overview of the state of the field and a thoughtful guide to the direction of future scholarship. Kingstone and Yashar bring together the leading figures in the study of Latin America to present extensive empirical coverage, new original research, and a cutting-edge examination of the central areas of inquiry in the region.

Trends in Long-term Care

Autor: United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee On Aging. Subcommittee On Long-term Care

Número de Páginas: 1438

Democratic Institutional Design

Autor: Brian F. Crisp

Número de Páginas: 308

Based on the policy-making structures of Venezuelan government, this book examines the constitutionally allocated powers of the executive and legislature and shows how the powers of each branch are exercised given the incentives established by the electoral system and changing partisan strengths. Several institutional characteristics have led to a passive legislature and an activist chief executive. The advantages presidents enjoy as a result of their constitutional and partisan powers are demonstrated by a wealth of empirical evidence, including records of votes of censure, initiation of legislation, and the use of decree authority. Because of its dominance, the Venezuelan executive branch is the focus of interest-group pressure, which is institutionalized through consultative commissions and a decentralized public administration. The author analyzes memberships of more than 300 advisory commissions and governing boards, revealing the preponderance of posts filled by umbrella agencies for business and labor. The interaction of this limited version of civil society with policy makers in the executive branch has led to a highly protectionist development strategy and excessive...

Symbolism and Ritual in a One-party Regime

Autor: Larissa Adler De Lomnitz , Rodrigo Salazar Elena , Ilya Adler

Número de Páginas: 376

Because of the long dominance of MexicoÕs leading political party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, the campaigns of its presidential candidates were never considered relevant in determining the victor. This book offers an ethnography of the Mexican political system under PRI hegemony, focusing on the relationship between the formal democratic structure of the state and the unofficial practices of the underlying political culture, and addressing the question of what purpose campaigns serve when the outcome is predetermined. Discussing Mexican presidential politics from the perspectives of anthropology, political science, and communications science, the authors analyze the 1988 presidential campaign of Carlos Salinas de GortariÑthe last great campaign of the PRI to display the characteristics traditionally found in the twentieth century. These detailed descriptions of campaign events show that their ritualistic nature expressed both a national culture and an aura of domination. The authors describe the political and cultural context in which this campaign took placeÑan authoritarian presidential system that dated from the 1920sÑand explain how the constitutional...

Gendering Legislative Behavior

Autor: Tiffany D. Barnes

Número de Páginas: 289

In democracies, power is obtained via competition. Yet, as women gain access to parliaments in record numbers, worldwide collaboration appears to be on the rise. This is puzzling: why, if politicians can secure power through competition, would we observe collaboration in Congress? Using evidence from 200 interviews with politicians from Argentina and a novel dataset from 23 Argentine legislative chambers over an 18-year period, Gendering Legislative Behavior reexamines traditional notions of competitive democracy by evaluating patterns of collaboration among legislators. Although only the majority can secure power via competition, all legislators - particularly those who do not have power - can influence the policy-making process through collaboration. Tiffany D. Barnes argues that as women have limited access to formal and informal political power, they collaborate more than men to influence policy-making. Despite the benefits of collaboration, patterns of collaboration vary among women because different legislative contexts either facilitate or constrain women's collaboration.

Assessing the Quality of Democracy

Autor: Larry Diamond , Leonardo Morlino

Número de Páginas: 334

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Electoral Engineering

Autor: Pippa Norris

Número de Páginas: 384

From Kosovo to Kabul, the last decade witnessed growing interest in ?electoral engineering?. Reformers have sought to achieve either greater government accountability through majoritarian arrangements or wider parliamentary diversity through proportional formula. Underlying the normative debates are important claims about the impact and consequences of electoral reform for political representation and voting behavior. The study compares and evaluates two broad schools of thought, each offering contracting expectations. One popular approach claims that formal rules define electoral incentives facing parties, politicians and citizens. By changing these rules, rational choice institutionalism claims that we have the capacity to shape political behavior. Alternative cultural modernization theories differ in their emphasis on the primary motors driving human behavior, their expectations about the pace of change, and also their assumptions about the ability of formal institutional rules to alter, rather than adapt to, deeply embedded and habitual social norms and patterns of human behavior.

Making Votes Count

Autor: Gary W. Cox

Número de Páginas: 362

Popular elections are at the heart of representative democracy. Thus, understanding the laws and practices that govern such elections is essential to understanding modern democracy. In this book, Cox views electoral laws as posing a variety of coordination problems that political forces must solve. Coordination problems - and with them the necessity of negotiating withdrawals, strategic voting, and other species of strategic coordination - arise in all electoral systems. This book employs a unified game-theoretic model to study strategic coordination worldwide and that relies primarily on constituency-level rather than national aggregate data in testing theoretical propositions about the effects of electoral laws. This book also considers not just what happens when political forces succeed in solving the coordination problems inherent in the electoral system they face but also what happens when they fail.

Naida

Autor: Naida Drew Anderson

Número de Páginas: 461

Naida Drew Andersons journey spans nine decades, beginning in the early 1920s. Her story begins on her aunt and uncles farm near Belleville, Ontario. Her childhood was clouded by the deaths of her sisters, as well as her mothers painful struggle with mental illness. Through it all, Naida stood strong, surviving these hardships to come of age at the beginning of World War II. Living near Canadas largest air force base provided her the opportunity to meet young pilots from all over the world. One handsome American flying ace named Johnny Anderson captured her heart and made her his wife. What followed was a story of love lost and love gained and of Naidas struggle to find a place in an alien world not of her choosing. All around her, societys perceptions of women and their roles were ever changing, redefining what women could achieve in the world. Open to possibilities, Naida nurtured romantic notions of life and eventually came to grips with the reality of human existence. People would come and go from her life, each contributing to her experience, her wisdom, her understanding; each helping her to answer the question that defined her journey: Who am I? Daughter, wife, lover,...

Party Politics in Russia and Ukraine

Autor: Bryon Moraski

Número de Páginas: 304

"This book investigates the effects of similar electoral system changes on candidate selection, election outcomes, and party development in two post-Soviet states, Russia and Ukraine, during a period when Russia's rulers were consolidating a dominant-party, electoral authoritarian regime and Ukraine appeared to be moving towards electoral democracy"--

Decolonizing Healthcare Innovation

Autor: Matthew Harris

Número de Páginas: 181

This fascinating book offers a pathway for the NHS to adopt low-cost but effective innovations from areas of the world traditionally seen as beneficiaries rather than providers of help and support. In an era of increasing demand and dwindling resources, and where the COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the structural limitations of the current system, the book provides examples of simple, frugal but high-quality alternatives to current practice. From orthopaedics to paediatrics, and mental health to plastic surgery, the book illustrates how low- and middle-income countries have found solutions to healthcare issues that are not only safe and clinically effective but also have the potential to save the NHS millions of pounds. Grounded in the contemporary debates of decolonization, it invites readers to question the culture and systems in global health that view low-income countries as solely passive recipients of aid. The volume will be essential reading for students and scholars across Public Health, Global Health, and Development Studies, as well as healthcare managers and policy makers in the UK and beyond.

The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems

Autor: Erik S. Herron , Robert J. Pekkanen , Matthew S. Shugart

Número de Páginas: 1017

No subject is more central to the study of politics than elections. All across the globe, elections are a focal point for citizens, the media, and politicians long before--and sometimes long after--they occur. Electoral systems, the rules about how voters' preferences are translated into election results, profoundly shape the results not only of individual elections but also of many other important political outcomes, including party systems, candidate selection, and policy choices. Electoral systems have been a hot topic in established democracies from the UK and Italy to New Zealand and Japan. Even in the United States, events like the 2016 presidential election and court decisions such as Citizens United have sparked advocates to promote change in the Electoral College, redistricting, and campaign-finance rules. Elections and electoral systems have also intensified as a field of academic study, with groundbreaking work over the past decade sharpening our understanding of how electoral systems fundamentally shape the connections among citizens, government, and policy. This volume provides an in-depth exploration of the origins and effects of electoral systems.

Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Special Committee on Aging

Autor: United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee On Aging

Número de Páginas: 1994

Post-Communist Party Systems

Autor: Herbert Kitschelt

Número de Páginas: 474

Examines democratic party competition in four post-communist polities in the 1990s. The work illustrates developments regarding different voter appeal of parties, patterns of voter representation, and dispositions to join other parties in alliances. Wider groups of countries are also compared.

Women in Presidential Cabinets

Autor: Maria C. Escobar-lemmon , Michelle M. Taylor-robinson

Número de Páginas: 321

Though parity is still rare, presidential cabinets contain more women than ever before. Who are these women and what types of political capital resources do they bring to the administration? Are they new types of political players or very much like the men who have traditionally run the government? And once they gain office, are they treated equally in the cabinet? Do they have the capacity to be as effective as their male counterparts? Drawing on data from five presidential democracies -- Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and the United States -- Women in Presidential Cabinets examines the backgrounds, connections and credentials of all full-rank cabinet ministers in presidential administrations over the course of two decades to determine if women and men bring similar numbers and diversity of political capital resources to the administration. Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson find that, with a few notable exceptions, presidents select men and women with similar work and education backgrounds, political experience, and linkages to related interest groups. There are, however, differences across types of posts and countries. They evaluate the treatment...

Informal Institutions and Democracy

Autor: Gretchen Helmke , Steven Levitsky

Número de Páginas: 362

This volume analyzes the function of informal institutions in Latin America and how they support or weaken democratic governance. Drawing from a wide range of examples—including the Mexican dedazo, clientelism in Brazil, legislative "ghost coalitions" in Ecuador, and elite power-sharing in Chile—the contributors examine how informal rules shape the performance of state and democratic institutions, offering fresh and timely insights into contemporary problems of governability, "unrule of law," and the absence of effective representation, participation, and accountability in Latin America. The editors present this analysis within a fourfold conceptual framework: complementary institutions, which fill gaps in formal rules or enhance their efficacy; accommodative informal institutions, which blunt the effects of dysfunctional formal institutions; competing informal institutions, which directly subvert the formal rules; and substitutive informal institutions, which replace ineffective formal institutions.

Do the Poor Count?

Autor: Michelle M. Taylor-robinson

Número de Páginas: 250

"With specific focus on Brazil and Honduras, examines electoral and nominating institutions and clientelism in Latin America, and the capacity of poor people to monitor and sanction officials"--Provided by publisher.

Cases Decided in the United States Court of Claims ... with Report of Decisions of the Supreme Court in Court of Claims Cases

Autor: United States. Court Of Claims , Audrey Bernhardt

Número de Páginas: 782

La crisis de la representacion democratica

Autor: Scott Mainwaring , Ana María Bejarano , Eduardo Pizarro Leongómez (sociologue).)

Número de Páginas: 516

Los ensayos de este libro analizan y explican la crisis de la representación democrática en los países de la región andina: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela. En esta región, el desapego hacia la democracia, los partidos políticos y los legisladores ha proliferado de una forma alarmante. Varios presidentes se han visto obligados a dejar su puesto y muchos partidos tradicionales han desaparecido de la escena política. Es más, en tres de las cinco naciones, Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela, hoy gobiernan líderes nacidos del colapso del sistema de partidos y de liderazgos tradicionales. Este libro está orientado a responder una pregunta fundamental para América Latina y también para otras partes del mundo: ¿Por qué la representación político-partidista en algunas ocasiones deja de funcionar y emergen otras formas de liderazgo, ante todo, de carácter personalista? ¿Está viviendo América Latina el retorno del líder providencial, en la tradición caudillistas propia de esta región?

Gradual Economic Reform in Latin America

Autor: Mary A. Clark

Número de Páginas: 218

In-depth case study of Costa Rican economic reform efforts.

Presidential Decrees in Russia

Autor: Thomas F. Remington

Número de Páginas: 187

The book examines the way Russian presidents Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin have used their constitutional decree powers since the end of the Soviet regime. The Russian constitution gives the Russian president extremely broad decree-making power, but its exercise is constrained by both formal and informal considerations. The book compares the Russian president's powers to those of other presidents, including the executive powers of the United States president and those of Latin American presidents. The book traces the historical development of decree power in Russia from the first constitution in 1905 through the Soviet period and up to the present day, showing strong continuities over time. It concludes that Russia's president operates in a strategic environment, where he must anticipate the way other actors, such as the bureaucracy and the parliament, will respond to his use of decree power.

Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy

Autor: Stephan Haggard , Matthew D. Mccubbins

Número de Páginas: 380

Advocates of parliamentary rule have been highly critical of presidentialism for dividing powers and providing the opportunity for gridlock between branches. Fixed executive terms can saddle publics with ineffectual leaders who are not easily removed. Yet the great theorists of presidential rule, beginning with the Federalists, saw very different qualities in the same institutions: a desirable combination of strong leadership with checks on executive discretion. These diverse assessments arise because we have surprisingly little comparative work on how presidential democracies function. The introductory essays in this volume lay the theoretical groundwork for such comparative analysis. Drawing on detailed cases of economic policymaking in Asia, Latin America, and Central Europe, this book shows the diversity of presidential systems and isolates the effects of presidentialism from other factors that influence public policy, such as party systems. In doing so, it casts doubt on the critics of presidential rule and underscores the continuing vitality of this particular form of democratic rule.

Kaleidoscope

Autor: University Of Minnesota. College Of Human Ecology

Número de Páginas: 24

Embodying Democracy

Autor: S. Birch , F. Millard , M. Popescu , K. Williams

Número de Páginas: 255

Embodying Democracy analyzes the politics of electoral reform in eight post-communist states including Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and Ukraine. By exploring the multiple factors that shaped the design of electoral institutions during the first ten years of post-communist transition, it accounts for an important element of the post-communist reform process and illuminates general features of institutional design in post-transition states.

Trends in Long-term Care

Autor: United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee On Aging. Subcommittee On Long-term Care

Número de Páginas: 380

Critical Readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan

Autor: Robert Pekkanen

Número de Páginas: 386

This work collects decades of the best published scholarship in English on the unequivocally most successful political party in Japanese history: the Liberal Democratic Party (the LDP). Governing Japan for almost the entirety of the post-war period, the LDP also has a claim to be the most successful political party in any post-war democracy. Seminal articles in this collection explore the key aspects of the LDP: the party’s evolution since its founding in 1955; key facets of the LDP’s internal organization including factions and koenkai; the LDP in policy-making, including its relationship with the bureaucracy and interest groups, as well as its policy-making committee apparatus; and, party leadership, including the premierships of Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe.

Québécoises et représentation parlementaire

Autor: Manon Tremblay

Número de Páginas: 460

Cet ouvrage traite d’une idée et d’un problème : la «représentation politique», qui constitue une idée charnière aux sciences politiques, une idée toutefois viciée par un problème au fondement de sa conceptualisation même, soit celui de l’exclusion des femmes de la politique.

Parties, Elections and Electoral Contests

Autor: Marc Guinjoan

Número de Páginas: 195

According to the Duvergerian theories, in the long run, only viable parties are expected to stand for elections. Non-viable parties should join a pre-electoral coalition with another party or withdraw from competition entirely. Why then do non-viable political parties throughout the world systematically continue presenting candidates? This book responds to this evident but unanswered question to create a general theory about deviations from the Duvergerian equilibrium. The author argues that, far from being just a random or irrational decision, the choice of political parties to present candidates when they do not expect to achieve representation can be explained by the overlap of electoral arenas, that generate opportunities for viable parties to present candidates where they are non-viable. In sum, political parties will take advantage of their viability in an arena to present candidacies in other arenas where they do not have chances to become viable. The building of this new theory on electoral contamination allows the construction of a new and more encompassing conceptual framework through which to make sense of what, until now, has been understood as disparate phenomena and...

Southern Reporter

Número de Páginas: 1654

Democratic Accountability in Latin America

Autor: Scott Mainwaring , Christopher Welna

Número de Páginas: 360

This volume on democratic accountability addresses one of the burning issues on the agenda of policy makers and citizens in contemporary Latin America: how democratic leaders in Latin America can improve accountability while simultaneously promoting governmental effectiveness. Written by well-known scholars form both Latin America and the United States, the volume enhances understanding of these key themes, which are central to the future of democracy in Latin America. - ;This volume on democratic accountability addresses one of the burning issues on the agenda of policy makers and citizens in contemporary Latin America. In much of Latin America, disenchantment and cynicism have set in regarding the quality of elected governments raising the prospect of a new round of democratic erosion and breakdowns. One of the important emerging challenges for improving the quality of democracy resolves around how to build more effective mechanisms of accountability. A widespread perception prevails in much of the region that government officials are not sufficiently subject to routinized controls by oversight agencies. Corruption, lack of oversight, impunity of state actors, and improper use...