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Summary of Michael Huemer's Knowledge, Reality, And Value

Autor: Everest Media,

Número de Páginas: 76

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 The Ship of Theseus is a classic philosophical problem. It asks whether a certain ship, which was damaged and replaced its wooden parts one by one, is the same ship as the original. It is not a scientific question, but it is not entirely without answer. #2 The subject matter of philosophy is extremely broad. It ranges from general questions about what exists and what sort of world this is, to questions about the nature of knowledge and how we know what we think we know. #3 The branches of philosophy are ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, logic, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. They all study questions that are similar to those studied by religion and science, but they approach them using different methods. #4 The difference between religion and philosophy is that with religion, there are often key claims that one is meant to accept because they come from a particular person, or institution, or book, etc. And one is supposed to trust that person or institution or book because it (or its author) had a form of supernatural access to the truth.

Summary of Michael Huemer's The Problem of Political Authority

Autor: Everest Media,

Número de Páginas: 80

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 The story of the villager who kidnapped and locked up vandals in his basement to prevent crime is a short political story that illustrates the difference between a government and a non-government person. Most people support the government’s imprisonment of criminals, feel obligated to pay their taxes, and consider punishment of tax evaders both desirable and within the rights of the state. #2 We have a double standard when it comes to the ethical acceptability of government actions versus those of nongovernmental agents. We consider it ethical for governments to do things that we would consider unethical if done by nongovernmental agents. #3 The distinction between political legitimacy and political obligation is what I call political authority. Political authority is the moral property in virtue of which governments may coerce people in certain ways not permitted to anyone else and in which citizens must obey their governments even when they would not be obligated to obey anyone else. #4 Those who believe in political authority do not believe that all governments have it. They may believe ...

Existence is indeed evidence of immortality if the past is infinite

Autor: Loke Hagberg

Número de Páginas: 18

This study is concerned with the question if existence is evidence of eternal recurrence, that a current observer is within a cyclic world, if the past is infinite. Michael Huemer proposed a proof of existence being evidence of immortality using a Bayesian approach, which is discussed, as well as various counter arguments. This study then uses transition systems, a non-Bayesian approach, to prove various results about worlds that can be described by them. It is proved that in transition systems with an infinite past and a finite state set, where time can be discretely subdivided, eternal recurrence is the case for every observer in a world described by such a system. Finally, the reasoning, potential and actual counter arguments, consequences, and future research are considered.

A Moral Theory of Liveliness

Autor: Assistant Professor Of Philosophy And Research Associate In Philosophy Kirk Lougheed , Kirk Lougheed

Número de Páginas: 255

The book is about providing a novel African moral theory; this means it provides a theory about what actions are permissible or impermissible. It does this by mining descriptive works of an African indigenous concept called life force. The book shows that there is a plausible way to secularise life force so the theory does not have to be inherently religious. The author argues that the theory does better at explaining various intuitions and hard cases than utilitarianism and other African moral theories like those that focus on personhood or relational harmony. It also contains a substantial section on metaethics which is about what grounds morality.

Induction, Science, and Morality

Autor: Seungbae Park

Número de Páginas: 264

This book offers new insights into Hume’s problem of induction. In addition to that, it argues against the coherentist justification of induction, refuting Hume's initial problem of induction and develops counter-inductions to defend scientific realism from pessimists and advocates a realist theory of scientific development. In doing so, this book enriches the moral realism debate with the scientific realism debate and is of great value to researchers and advanced students in philosophy of science.

Can We Know Anything?

Autor: Bryan Frances , Michael Huemer

Número de Páginas: 169

In this book, Michael Huemer and Bryan Frances debate whether – and how – we can gain knowledge of the world outside of our own minds. Starting with opening statements, the debate moves through two rounds of replies. Frances argues that we lack knowledge because, for example, we cannot rule out the possibility that we are brains in vats being artificially stimulated in such a way as to create an illusion of living in the real world. Huemer disagrees that we need evidence against such possibilities in order to gain knowledge of the external world, maintaining instead that we are entitled to presume that things are as they appear unless and until we acquire specific grounds for thinking otherwise. The authors go on to discuss how one should think about controversial issues wherein the experts persistently disagree. Frances argues that we should generally withhold judgment about such issues or at least greatly reduce our confidence. Huemer agrees that people are often overconfident about controversial issues but tries to carve out exceptions wherein one can rationally hold on to controversial views. Accessible whilst also detailed and substantial, this thoughtful debate is...

Evolving Business Ethics

Autor: Christoph Lütge , Marianne Thejls Ziegler

Número de Páginas: 152

Business ethics as a discipline has been evolving rapidly, and indeed needs to evolve constantly. This evolution is mandated more urgently than ever before as we plunge headlong, and with increasing velocity, into the era of automation, artificial intelligence and digitization. In a scenario where legal and policy guidelines are scarce or ambiguous, the role of business ethics in guiding academic and industrial research and innovation cannot be understated. Ethical codes and guidelines are needed for educators, scientists, industries, law and policy makers, as well as for the general public engaged with emerging technologies not only to ensure a smooth transition into the autonomous and digital age, but also to ensure that in the process, we do not unknowingly disengage from basic human rights, values and responsibilities. Traditional, time tested and universally accepted principles of (business) ethics, including principles of integrity, responsibility and sustainability must, therefore, not be abandoned, but rather permitted to evolve to address the unique issues that emerging technologies present to humankind. This evolution necessarily entails an evolution also in research...

Seemings and Justification

Autor: Chris Tucker

Número de Páginas: 372

The primary aim of this book is to understand how seemings relate to justification and whether some version of dogmatism or phenomenal conservatism can be sustained. It also addresses a number of other issues, including the nature of seemings, cognitive penetration, Bayesianism, and the epistemology of morality and disagreement.

Normativity and the Problem of Representation

Autor: Matthew S. Bedke , Stefan Sciaraffa

Número de Páginas: 573

This book tackles questions which revolve around the representational purport (or lack thereof) of evaluative and normative claims. Claims about what we ought to do, what is best, what is justified, or simply what counts as a good reason for action—in other words, evaluative or normative claims—are familiar. But when we pause to ask what these claims mean and what we are doing when we use them, puzzles arise. Are there facts of the matter about what ought to be done, much like there are facts of the matter about mathematics or the natural world? If so, "ought claims" are probably trying to represent the "ought facts". Alternatively, perhaps there are no evaluative facts, in which case evaluative claims are either trying to represent facts which do not exist, or evaluative claims are not in the representation business to begin with. The latter option is intriguing, and it is the subject of much recent work in expressivism, pragmatism, and semantic relativism. But if ought claims are not representing anything as factual, why do we think such claims are true or false, and what are we doing when we disagree with one another about them? This book sheds light on this important area...

The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought

Autor: Gary Chartier , Chad Van Schoelandt

Número de Páginas: 539

This Handbook offers an authoritative, up-to-date introduction to the rich scholarly conversation about anarchy—about the possibility, dynamics, and appeal of social order without the state. Drawing on resources from philosophy, economics, law, history, politics, and religious studies, it is designed to deepen understanding of anarchy and the development of anarchist ideas at a time when those ideas have attracted increasing attention. The popular identification of anarchy with chaos makes sophisticated interpretations—which recognize anarchy as a kind of social order rather than an alternative to it—especially interesting. Strong, centralized governments have struggled to quell popular frustration even as doubts have continued to percolate about their legitimacy and long-term financial stability. Since the emergence of the modern state, concerns like these have driven scholars to wonder whether societies could flourish while abandoning monopolistic governance entirely. Standard treatments of political philosophy frequently assume the justifiability and desirability of states, focusing on such questions as, What is the best kind of state? and What laws and policies should...

The Concept of Moral Progress

Autor: Frauke Albersmeier

Número de Páginas: 256

What is moral progress? Are we striving for moral progress when we seek to ‘make the world a better place’? What connects the different ways in which moral agents, their actions, and the world can become morally better? This book proposes an explication of the abstract concept of moral progress and explores its relation to our moral lives. Integrating the perspectives of rival normative theories, it draws a clear distinction between ethical and moral progress and makes the case that moral progress can neither happen merely in theory, nor come about by a fluke. Still, the ideal of moral progress as a deliberate improvement in practices with a positive impact on the world is but one of several types of moral progress, relating in different ways to the theoretical and practical capacities of moral agents. No elevated level of sophistication in these capacities is required for moral progress to be possible, and the abstract idea of moral progress need not be on moral agents’ minds in the pursuit of the morally better. However, a desire for impactful moral progress, far from being a moral fetish, marks a particularly valuable moral outlook.

Infinity, Causation, and Paradox

Autor: Alexander R. Pruss

Número de Páginas: 222

Infinity is paradoxical in many ways. Some paradoxes involve deterministic supertasks, such as Thomson's Lamp, where a switch is toggled an infinite number of times over a finite period of time, or the Grim Reaper, where it seems that infinitely many reapers can produce a result without doing anything. Others involve infinite lotteries. If you get two tickets from an infinite fair lottery where tickets are numbered from 1, no matter what number you saw on the first ticket, it is almost certain that the other ticket has a bigger number on it. And others center on paradoxical results in decision theory, such as the surprising observation that if you perform a sequence of fair coin flips that goes infinitely far back into the past but only finitely into the future, you can leverage information about past coin flips to predict future ones with only finitely many mistakes. Alexander R. Pruss examines this seemingly large family of paradoxes in Infinity, Causation and Paradox. He establishes that these paradoxes and numerous others all have a common structure: their most natural embodiment involves an infinite number of items causally impinging on a single output. These paradoxes, he...

Is Political Authority an Illusion?

Autor: Michael Huemer , Daniel Layman

Número de Páginas: 161

What gives some people the right to issue commands to everyone else and force everyone else to obey them? And why should people obey the commands of those with political power? These two key questions are the heart of the issue of political authority, and, in this volume, two philosophers debate the answers. Michael Huemer argues that political authority is an illusion and that no one is entitled to rule over anyone. He discusses and rebuts the major theories supporting political authority’s rightfulness: implicit social contract theory, hypothetical contract theories, democratic theories of authority, and utilitarian theories. Daniel Layman argues that democratic governments have authority because they are needed to protect our rights and because they are accountable to the people. Each author writes two replies directly addressing the arguments and ideas of the other. Key Features Covers a key foundational problem of political philosophy: the authority of government. Debate format ensures a full hearing of both sides. A Glossary includes key concepts in political philosophy related to the issue of authority. Annotated Further Reading sections point students to additional...

Intellectual Assurance

Autor: Brett Coppenger , Michael Bergmann

Número de Páginas: 274

This volume presents a dozen essays by prominent contemporary epistemologists providing a careful examination and critical evaluation of traditional epistemic internalism. Unlike competing versions of internalism, the guiding principle of traditional internalism is not to accommodate our commonsense nonskeptical views about the rationality of our ordinary beliefs, but to emphasize the need for strong skepticism-resistant intellectual assurance that our ordinary beliefs (perceptual and otherwise) are true. The essays focus on what traditional internalism has to say about the following three topics: the nature of non-inferentially justified belief, the nature of inferentially justified belief, and the best way to respond to skepticism. The end product is a volume containing many probing objections to traditional internalism, pushing its proponents to provide creative new defenses if they want this old-fashioned view to survive in the modern world.

Epistemology

Número de Páginas: 324

EPISTEMOLOGY “This is a superb companion to Epistemology: An Anthology. It consists of sixty commentaries, one for each of the sixty entries in that anthology. Turri is an extremely lucid writer, with a wonderful knack for finding and laying out argumentative structure, and for explaining crucial concepts. His commentary will greatly aid student comprehension and enhance class discussion.” Ernest Sosa, Rutgers University “Turri’s discussions are engaging and lucid. They are written for beginning students and will serve that purpose beautifully, but they are so well done that even veteran epistemologists will find them helpful.” John Greco, Saint Louis University Epistemology: A Guide is a straightforward and accessible introduction to contemporary epistemology for those studying the topic for the first time. It introduces and explains the main arguments of the most influential publications in the field from the last 50 years. Balancing simplicity of argument with accuracy and detail, this guide covers the central topics of theory of knowledge, including skepticism, epistemic justification, epistemic closure, virtue epistemology, and naturalized epistemology. Instead of...

Philosophy of Mind and Phenomenology

Autor: Daniel O. Dahlstrom , Andreas Elpidorou , Walter Hopp

Número de Páginas: 391

This volume identifies and develops how philosophy of mind and phenomenology interact in both conceptual and empirically-informed ways. The objective is to demonstrate that phenomenology, as the first-personal study of the contents and structures of our mentality, can provide us with insights into the understanding of the mind and can complement strictly analytical or empirically informed approaches to the study of the mind. Insofar as phenomenology, as the study or science of phenomena, allows the mind to appear, this collection shows how the mind can reappear through a constructive dialogue between different ways—phenomenological, analytical, and empirical—of understanding mentality.

Critical Thinking and Epistemic Injustice

Autor: Alessia Marabini

Número de Páginas: 239

This book argues that the mainstream view and practice of critical thinking in education mirrors a reductive and reified conception of competences that ultimately leads to forms of epistemic injustice in assessment. It defends an alternative view of critical thinking as a competence that is normative in nature rather than reified and reductive. This book contends that critical thinking competence should be at the heart of learning how to learn, but that much depends on how we understand critical thinking. It defends an alternative view of critical thinking as a competence that is normative in nature rather than reified and reductive. The book draws from a conception of human reasoning and rationality that focuses on belief revision and is interwoven with a Bildung approach to teaching and learning: it emphasises the relevance of knowledge and experience in making inferences. The book is an enhanced, English version of the Italian monograph Epistemologia dell’Educazione: Pensiero Critico, Etica ed Epistemic Injustice.

Companions in Guilt Arguments in Metaethics

Autor: Christopher Cowie , Rach Cosker-rowland

Número de Páginas: 225

Comparisons between morality and other ‘companion’ disciplines – such as mathematics, religion, or aesthetics – are commonly used in philosophy, often in the context of arguing for the objectivity of morality. This is known as the ‘companions in guilt’ strategy. It has been the subject of much debate in contemporary ethics and metaethics. This volume, the first full length examination of companions in guilt arguments, comprises an introduction by the editors and a dozen new chapters by leading authors in the field. They examine the methodology of companions in guilt arguments and their use in responding to the moral error theory, as well as specific arguments that take mathematics, epistemic norms, or aesthetics as a ‘companion’, and the use of the companions in guilt strategy to vindicate claims to moral knowledge. Companions in Guilt Arguments in Metaethics is essential reading for advanced students and researchers working in moral theory and metaethics, as well as those in epistemology and philosophy of mathematics concerned with the intersection of these subjects with ethics.

Foundations of a Free Society

Autor: Gregory Salmieri , Robert Mayhew

Número de Páginas: 399

Foundations of a Free Society brings together some of the most knowledgeable Ayn Rand scholars and proponents of her philosophy, as well as notable critics, putting them in conversation with other intellectuals who also see themselves as defenders of capitalism and individual liberty. United by the view that there is something importantly right—though perhaps also much wrong—in Rand’s political philosophy, contributors reflect on her views with the hope of furthering our understandings of what sort of society is best and why. The volume provides a robust elaboration and defense of the foundation of Rand’s political philosophy in the principle that force paralyzes and negates the functioning of reason; it offers an in-depth scholarly discussion of Rand’s view on the nature of individual rights and the role of government in defending them; it deals extensively with the similarities and differences between Rand’s thought and the libertarian tradition (to which she is often assimilated) and objections to her positions arising from this tradition; it explores Rand’s relation to the classical liberal tradition, specifically with regard to her defense of freedom of the...

Empirical Research and Normative Theory

Autor: Alexander Max Bauer , Malte Meyerhuber

Número de Páginas: 360

Two questions often shape our view of the world. On the one hand, we ask what there is, on the other hand, we ask what there ought to be. Empirical research and normative theory, the methodological traditions concerned with these questions, entered a difficult relationship, from at least as early as around the time of the advent of modern sciences. To this day, there remains a strong separation between the two domains, with both tending to neglect discourses and results from the other. Contrary to a verdict of strict segregation between "is" and "ought," there are, nowadays, various attempts to integrate both theoretical approaches. This calls for a discourse on the relation between empirical research and normative theory. In this volume, scholars from different disciplines – including psychology, sociology, economics, and philosophy – discuss the possible desired or undesired influences on, and limits of, the integration of these two approaches.

Direct versus Indirect Realism

Autor: John R. Smythies , Robert E French

Número de Páginas: 300

Direct versus Indirect Realism: A Neurophilosophical Debate on Consciousness brings together leading neuroscientists and philosophers to explain and defend their theories on consciousness. The book offers a one-of-a-kind look at the radically opposing theories concerning the nature of the objects of immediate perception—whether these are distal physical objects or phenomenal experiences in the conscious mind. Each side—neuroscientists and philosophers—offers accessible, comprehensive explanations of their points-of-view, with each side also providing a response to the other that offers a unique approach on opposing positions. It is the only book available that combines thorough discussion of the arguments behind both direct and indirect realism in a single resource, and is required reading for neuroscientists, neurophilosophers, cognitive scientists and anyone interested in conscious perception and the mind-brain connection. - Combines discussion of both direct realism and indirect realism in a single, accessible resource - Provides a thorough, well-rounded understanding of not only the opposing views of neuroscientists and philosophers on the nature of conscious perception, ...

Die Epitomae nach dem fragmentum Vindobonense 19556. Von Joh. Huemer

Autor: Virgilius Maro Grammaticus

Número de Páginas: 62

Q. Horatii Flacci Carmina selecta für den Schulgebrauch. Hrsg.: Johann Huemer. 2. durchges. unveränd. Aufl

Autor: Quintus Horatius Flaccus

Número de Páginas: 238

The Many Moral Rationalisms

Autor: Karen Jones , François Schroeter

Número de Páginas: 320

Moral rationalism takes human reason and human rationality to be the key elements in an explanation of the nature of morality, moral judgment, and moral knowledge. This volume explores the resources of this rich philosophical tradition. Thirteen original essays, framed by the editors' introduction, critically examine the four core theses of moral rationalism: (i) the psychological thesis that reason is the source of moral judgment, (ii) the metaphysical thesis that moral requirements are constituted by the deliverances of practical reason, (iii) the epistemological thesis that moral requirements are knowable a priori, and (iv) the normative thesis that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action. The five essays in Part I ('Normativity') offer contemporary defences or reconstructions of Kant's attempt to ground the normative thesis, that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action, in the nature of practical reason and practical rationality. The four essays in Part II ('Epistemology & Meaning') consider the viability of claims to a priori moral knowledge. The authors of all four essays are sympathetic to a realist moral metaphysics, and thus forgo the straightforward ...

Comentario al Carmen Paschale y a dos himnos de Sedulio

Autor: Antonio De Nebrija , Valeriano Yarza Urkiola

Número de Páginas: 530

Este libro es parte de la colección e-Libro en BiblioBoard.

The Justificatory Force of Experiences

Autor: Philipp Berghofer

Número de Páginas: 382

This book offers a phenomenological conception of experiential justification that seeks to clarify why certain experiences are a source of immediate justification and what role experiences play in gaining (scientific) knowledge. Based on the author's account of experiential justification, this book exemplifies how a phenomenological experience-first epistemology can epistemically ground the individual sciences. More precisely, it delivers a comprehensive picture of how we get from epistemology to the foundations of mathematics and physics. The book is unique as it utilizes methods and insights from the phenomenological tradition in order to make progress in current analytic epistemology. It serves as a starting point for re-evaluating the relevance of Husserlian phenomenology to current analytic epistemology and making an important step towards paving the way for future mutually beneficial discussions. This is achieved by exemplifying how current debates can benefit from ideas, insights, and methods we find in the phenomenological tradition.

The Zoological Record

Número de Páginas: 452

Objectivism, Subjectivism, and Relativism in Ethics: Volume 25, Part 1

Autor: Ellen Frankel Paul , Fred Dycus Miller , Jeffrey Paul

Número de Páginas: 452

This book discusses whether we desire things because they are good, or whether they are good because we desire them.

Problems in Epistemology and Metaphysics

Autor: Steven B. Cowan

Número de Páginas: 411

Problems in Epistemology and Metaphysics takes a pro and con approach to two central philosophical topics. Each chapter begins with a question: Can We Have Knowledge? How are Beliefs Justified? What is the mind? Contemporary philosophers with opposing viewpoints are then paired together to argue their position and raise problems with conflicting standpoints. Alongside an up-to-date introduction to a core philosophical stance, each contributor provides a critical response to their opponent and clear explanation of their view. Discussion questions are included at the end of each chapter to guide further discussion. With chapters covering core questions surrounding religious beliefs, scientific knowledge, truth, being and reality, this is a comprehensive introduction to debates lying at the heart of what we know, how we know it and the nature of the world we live in.

The Journal of Medieval Latin

Número de Páginas: 516

Revue de philologie de littérature et d'histoire anciennes

Número de Páginas: 616

Bulletin critique

Número de Páginas: 512

Teuffels̓ History of Roman Literature

Autor: Wilhelm Sigmund Teuffel , George Charles Winter Warr

Número de Páginas: 634

Revue celtique

Autor: Henri Gaidoz , Henry Arbois De Jubainville , Joseph Loth , Paul Le Nestour

Número de Páginas: 520

Includes the section "Bibliographie."

Journal des Savants

Autor: Pierre Claude François Daunou , Pierre Lebrun , Barthélemy Hauréau , Charles Giraud , Léopold Delisle , Gaston Bruno Paulin Paris , René Cagnat , Alfred Merlin

Número de Páginas: 794

Etudes celtiques

Número de Páginas: 520

Revue celtique

Revue celtique

Número de Páginas: 576

Journal des savants

Número de Páginas: 778

Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature

Número de Páginas: 664

The Classical Review

Número de Páginas: 370

This companion to the Classical Quarterly contains reviews of new work dealing with the literatures and civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. Over 300 books are reviewed each year.